甘肃省9县市重点人群碘缺乏病健康教育现状调查

目的：了解甘肃9县、市重点人群（小学生、育龄妇女）对碘缺乏病相关知识的掌握情况和相应的行为，以制定高效，有针对性的防治措施，方法：对甘肃省9县、市的999名小学三、四、五年级学生及1005名育龄妇女开展问卷调查。结果：学生对缺碘致智力损伤，缺碘致甲状腺肿，碘盐是碘缺乏病主要预防措施的知晓率分别为27．5％、59．7％、70．3％，育龄妇女分别为33．3％、53．6％、59．0％，学生碘缺乏病知识来源于教师，电视，医生、父母的比率为52．8％，34．3％，27．9％，21．1％，育龄妇女的碘缺乏病知识来源于村医、电视、宣传单，亲戚朋友的比率分别是44．8％、31．2％、26．0％、22．5％。有70．0％左右的学生和育龄妇女不知道缺碘能够造成智力损伤，40．0％的育龄妇女不知道食用碘盐是主要的预防措施。结论：重点人群碘缺乏病健康教育的核心信息知晓率低，学校－学生－家庭链及村医－育龄妇女链是最有效的碘缺乏病健康健康信息传播途径。     

Effects of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine in adult patients with Kaschin–Beck disease

The purpose is to investigate the effects of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine on adult patients with Kaschin–Beck disease (KBD). A total of 80 patients, aged over 40 years, were randomized into two groups receiving either 1,600 mg oral mixture of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine or placebo twice daily for 8 months. Posteroanterior radiographs of bilateral knee in full extension were taken at enrollment and after 8 months. Mean joint-space width of the assigned six points on the tibiofemoral joint compartment was measured by a graduated magnifying lens. The mean joint space decreased significantly in the placebo group (4.3 ± 1.09 versus 4.1 ± 1.07 mm, P < 0.0001) after 8 months and was unchanged in the experimental group (P = 0.51). There was no statistical significance in the mean joint space between two groups at baseline and follow-up (P = 0.65 and P = 0.84, respectively). But the overall mean change in joint space was significant between the two groups (P < 0.0001). Knee joint space of the experimental group narrowed slowly compared to the control group. Therefore, chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine might play a protective role in preserving articular cartilage and provide evidence for therapeutic drugs in adult patients with KBD.     

我国2型糖尿病的流行病学及危险因素研究

目的:了解我国2型糖尿病流行病及其危险因素的最新研究进展。方法:查阅国内外有关文献并进行综述。结果:糖尿病的发病与死亡率在逐年增高,患病与死亡率在不同的地区有一定差异。糖尿病的患病率有明显的随年龄上升而增高的趋势。遗传因素、肥胖(或超重)、体力活动不足、膳食因素、早期营养、社会经济状况、呼吸与饮酒、高血压、年龄、胆固醇及甘油三酯等都是2型糖尿病的危险因素之一。结论:糖尿病是由遗传、环境、行为多种危险因素共同参与和/或相互作用引起的多因子病。     

Influenza vaccination rate and its association with chronic diseases in China: Results of a national cross-sectional study

IntroductionInfluenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza. Few studies on its rate were reported throughout China and for populations with chronic diseases. An estimation of the rates in China was accomplished.MethodsAll data were from a national cross-sectional survey of a sample representing the population aged 40 years or older in mainland China in 2014–15. A total of 74,484 individuals with complete self-reported influenza vaccination status were analyzed in 2018–19.ResultsThe overall influenza vaccination rate was 2.4% (95% CI 1.4–3.3) with 1.7% (95% CI 1.2–2.2) for the age group 40–59 years and 3.8% (95% CI 1.6–5.9) for the group ≥60 years. The rate was 4.0% (95% CI 2.0–5.9) among people with a chronic disease. People with asthma and people with emphysema had the highest rates (7.1%, 95% CI 3.2–11.0 and 6.6%, 95% CI 3.6–9.7) while people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and people with chronic bronchitis had the lower rates (3.6%, 95% CI 2.0–5.2 and 4.8%, 95% CI 2.6–7.0). The rate was the highest among former smokers (3.3%, 95% CI 2.3–4.4) compared to current smokers (1.8%, 95% CI 0.9–2.7) and never smokers (2.5%, 95% CI 1.4–3.6). People living with finance-reimbursed vaccination policy, a positive factor for vaccination, had a higher vaccination rate (11.5%, 95% CI 10.8–12.2) (p < 0.05). People with older age, higher education level, occupation of professionals or technical personnel, living in rural areas or Northern China, former/never smoking were more likely to be vaccinated (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe influenza vaccination rate is low among adults aged ≥40 years, those ≥60 years and those with chronic diseases in China. Reimbursement policy targeting the elderly should be implemented widely and strategies towards patients with chronic diseases need urgent attention to increase the influenza vaccination coverage.     

25993名南昌市居民动物致伤流行病学调查

目的了解南昌市居民动物致伤的流行现状，为相关部门制定预防措施提供科学依据。方法于2005年11月采用统一的问卷对南昌市随机抽取的住户进行入户问卷调查。结果共调查了25993名居民，其中一年内动物致伤发病184例，发病率为707．9／10万。男性动物致伤发病率（906．1／10万）高于女性（502．0／10万）（χ^2=15．098，P=0．001）。农村地区动物致伤的发病率（893．3／10万）高于城市（328．3／10万）（χ^2=26．024，P=0．001）。引起动物致伤的动物主要有狗（127例），猫（26例），自家养的动物占52．2％，主要伤害类型为咬伤（164例），主要受伤原因是给动物喂食（占39．1％）引起。结论南昌市地区动物致伤者以儿童为主，并以猫、狗为主要致伤动物。农村为动物致伤的高发地区，发生动物致伤的主要原因是给动物喂食。因此，应加强居民自身的安全意识，规范动物的放养，为居民提供一个安全的环境，以减少动物致伤的发生。     

湖北省2005-2011年碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的 了解湖北省2005-2011年碘缺乏病的监测情况.方法 按《湖北省碘缺乏病监测方案》和《实现2010年消除碘缺乏病目标行动方案》的要求对8 ～10岁儿童甲肿病情和尿碘水平及居民户盐碘情况实施监测,对8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘中位数以及居民户的碘盐合格率、合格碘盐食用率、碘盐覆盖率等指标进行测算和比较.结果 湖北省2005-2011年居民户盐碘中位数稳定在31 mg/kg左右;尿碘监测结果显示,湖北省历年8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数均＞ 250 μg/L,尿碘水平偏高.结论 湖北省已实现了消除碘缺乏病的目标,食用盐碘含量建议可适当调整.     

2021年10月内蒙古自治区额济纳旗新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情流行病学特征分析

目的分析2021年10月内蒙古自治区额济纳旗新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情的流行病学特征, 为完善防控措施提供科学依据。方法收集截至2021年11月13日额济纳旗COVID-19确诊病例的发病时间、病例分布、人群特征、基因测序结果等信息, 进行描述性分析。结果额济纳旗COVID-19疫情首发患者的症状出现于10月7日, 病例报告集中在10月19日至11月12日, 确诊病例共164例。其中达来呼布镇报告156例(95.12%), 主要分布在镇内6个社区。确诊病例男女性别比为1.3∶1, 以20～59岁为主(78.66%)。临床表现主要为咽部不适(91例, 91.92%)、咳嗽(49例, 49.49%)、发热(23例, 23.23%)。临床分型以普通型(81例, 49.39%)、轻型(68例, 41.46%)为主。病例发现方式主要为集中隔离点检测发现(84例, 51.22%)和全员核酸检测发现(62例, 37.80%)。本次疫情早期基本再生数(R0)为5.3, 平均潜伏期为3.9 d。测序结果显示属于Delta变异株(B.1.617.2进化分支)。主要防控措施为及时启动公共卫生Ⅳ...     

海南省成人常见慢性病流行特征及控制现状

目的了解海南省成年人常见慢性病的流行特征和控制现状,为慢性病的防控提供参考依据。方法采用2018年海南省成人慢性病与营养监测资料,共调查3689名18岁及以上常住居民,调查方法包括问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测。常见慢性病包括高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和肥胖。采用SPSS 17.0软件进行χ²检验和Mantel-Haenszel趋势性χ²检验。结果海南省成人高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常和肥胖的患病粗率分别为31.15%、20.22%、43.13%和8.35%,标化患病率分别为18.88%、12.78%、36.60%和8.54%。男性血脂异常患病率(46.99%)高于女性(40.18%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常的患病率随着年龄的增加而升高,变化趋势均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。城市居民血脂异常、肥胖的患病率(分别为46.21%、10.66%)高于农村(分别为41.64%、7.23%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为42.30%、35.34%和10.97%,且女性均高于男性,随年龄的增加而升高,均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);城市控制率高于农村,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。糖尿病知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为23.99%、21.58%和5.90%,其中,知晓率、治疗率随年龄的增加而升高,趋势均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。血脂异常知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为11.50%、6.03%和4.40%,均为女性高于男性,城市高于农村,随年龄的增加而升高,均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论海南省成人常见慢性病患病水平较高,高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常的知晓率、治疗率和控制率偏低,应加强宣传,对40岁以下中青年、男性和农村居民采取有针对性的防控措施进行干预。     

Occupational exposure to raw meat: A newly-recognized risk factor for Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization amongst food handlers

Staphylococcus aureus contaminating raw meat may increase nasal colonization risk for occupationally-exposed food handlers. Food handlers from six catering establishments were nasally sampled for S. aureus and completed a questionnaire on carriage risk factors. Isolates were characterized for antibiotic susceptibility, spa type and, for methicillin-resistant strains, SCCmec type. Of 434 food handlers, 99 (22.8%) were colonized with S. aureus. Five isolates were methicillin-resistant belonging to SCCmec IV (2) and V (3). Resistance to tetracycline (20%), and erythromycin (16%) was high, but <10% to other antibiotics. Spa typing revealed 17% of isolates as t189, with 8% each t127 and t1081. Food handlers ever handling raw meat had a significantly higher colonization risk (OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.7–4.5), increasing to 3.7 (95% CI: 2.0–6.8) for those always exposed. This is the first report of increased colonization risk in food handlers exposed to raw meat. This occupational hazard may increase infection risk, so improved compliance with workplace hygiene may be required.     

Maternal periconceptional occupational exposure to pesticides and selected musculoskeletal birth defects

This population-based U.S. study investigated the association between major musculoskeletal malformations and periconceptional maternal occupational pesticide exposure for a wide range of occupations. We conducted a multi-site case–control analysis using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study among employed women with due dates from October 1, 1997 through December 31, 2002. Cases included 871 live-born, stillborn, or electively terminated fetuses with isolated craniosynostosis, gastroschisis, diaphragmatic hernia, or transverse limb deficiencies. Controls included 2857 live-born infants without major malformations. Using self-reported maternal occupational information, an industrial hygienist used a job-exposure matrix and expert opinion to evaluate the potential for exposure to insecticides, herbicides or fungicides for each job held during one month pre-conception through three months post-conception. Exposures analyzed included any exposure (yes/no) to pesticides, to insecticides only, to both insecticides and herbicides (I + H) and to insecticides, herbicides and fungicides (I + H + F). We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between exposures and defects, controlling for infant and maternal risk factors. Occupational exposure to I + H + F was associated with gastroschisis among infants of women aged 20 years or older (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–3.05), but not for women under age 20 (aOR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.20–1.16). We found no significant associations for the other defects. Additional research is needed to validate these findings in a separate population.